SKATE BOARDS
by T. Z. Riepe
Skateboarding is a fun sport because its challenging and you learn something new every time. Here is a custom paint job for my man ZROK! He really wants a skateboard badly. He does have to learn how to write a story fully explaining why he likes skateboarding so much. This is the only way he can get a custom skateboard. But, maybe a practice skateboard is what he wants now!
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This article was written by Bob Schmidt from Orlando Florida.
"The Day They Invented The Skateboard
You may remember the 70's. But I was 9 years old in 1961, and I was there the day they invented the skateboard, at least in my neighborhood.
We took an old metal roller skate and strapped it to a short piece of 2x4, hopped on top and took off. It was wobblier than hell, moved way too fast and vibrated on the asphalt enough to jar every bone in your body and loosen every tooth. It was more like getting electrocuted than anything else. We're not talking any hundred dollar baby here. Maybe more like a buck ninety-five. Figure maybe $5 bucks today for inflation. These were the days when we had hula hoops and Schwinn bicycles. We had Frisbees and yo-yo's and whiffle balls. But we would have traded in any of 'em for our skateboards.
We had a big old hill on Hatherleigh Rd. in the Stoneleigh community between Baltimore and Towson, Maryland. We all took turns trying it out on that hill. Only a couple of us lived to tell about it. The rest, well, they belong in the skateboard hall of fame. There was me, and Bob Filer, and Hammond Brown, and Barry and Buddy French, Jack Tuttle, and Mike McClellan.
Every one of us fell on our ass and broke at least three bones every year. A leg, an arm, a wrist, a couple of fingers. You couldn't help it. From top to bottom it was a block and a half long. It started out easy, then started curving over until it got a good deal steeper -- cars can't get up that hill in the winter after a snow, that's how steep it is.
You had to start down that hill sitting down. Everybody started by sitting on it. There was no way you could go all the way down the first time, even sitting down. You had to get good enough to ride down all the way on your seat, lying flat, trying to keep your feet from hitting the ground. Then starting at the bottom standing up, working your way up a couple of feet at a time, getting your nerve up. It took at least a good two weeks to get it right cause you'd have to heal up for a couple of days every time you tried. After a while, there was always somebody walking around with a cast hobbling on crutches and as soon as you saw them you knew it was the Hill.
When you went down the steep section, you got to feeling like you were flying. Then you'd hit a little bump. It wasn't anything you'd even notice on a bike or just walking down, but, man, on a board, look out! If you made it over that bump you'd fly up and just about everybody crashed right there. But once you learned how to twist a little to get past it, well the rest of it was pretty easy. Unless a car was turning into you just as you got down to the bottom. Then you'd have to veer over the curb, bailing out at just the right time so you could run it off onto somebody's lawn.
That hill became the Challenge. You had to beat the Hill. Then you had to beat it three times in a row. And then, well, by then, if you were still alive, you didn't have to do anything. You were ok. And that's all there was. We didn't jump over curbs. You couldn't anyway, with just a skate underneath. About the only tricks we ever tried was hanging ten off the side or going down on one foot. One guy tried standing on his hands but he fell over and get really messed up by the time he rolled the rest of the way down. A couple of guys tried to be pulled down behind a bike, but they could never do it. Oh, there was a hot dog who tried it every which way, trying to sit on his hands, go down on his belly and stuff, but nobody was impressed.
We were determined to make a faster skateboard you could stay on. We spent months tinkering, smashing down the metal heel at the back of the skate, pulling apart the wheels and mounting them here and there until we got a better balance front to back. We tried every piece of wood we could find. Everybody who was anybody had one of their own they had made. Every one was different. We tried painting them, then we found out the girls liked 'em that way, so we decided that was for sissies and we soaked off the paint and left them plain. But the girls got mad mostly because it was usually one of their skates we were using!
We strapped 'em together. We glued 'em. We nailed 'em. We screwed 'em together. We tried everything. Nothing would hold more than a few times without breaking or coming loose.
Wheels? That was whatever came on a roller skate. Strictly metal. And they only went so fast. Going down the Hill, at some points gravity would be pulling you faster than the wheels could go and half your body would be falling over and that's when you'd get all banged up. Once a wheel was shot, you had to start over. Just about the time you'd get good, you'd have to put another skate on and start all over. And a spare skate wasn't always available. It's not like you could just run up to the store and get one roller skate.
Bearings? What the heck are those? We heard about 'em from somebody's father who was an engineer. But they were kind of sealed into the wheel and you couldn't get at 'em without totally destroying it. But sand and dirt had no problem getting in, and any that did and you were a gonner for sure. You'd lock up and go flying at the worst possible time, usually just when you were trying to avoid the handlebars of a bike or a parked car. And we didn't have no truck with trucks. The roller skate was its own truck. You were stuck with it. They never wore out, but they didn't have any cushioning in them either.
Half pipes? What's this wood crap? When we found a half pipe, it wasn't a half pipe at all. It was a giant size concrete sewer pipe, about 8 to 10 feet in diameter. And when you fell onto that, you knew it. They were hard to come by and we hardly ever got to try one. Even then it would only be for a few days or maybe a week during construction.
There was no such thing as a skateboard park. And it was so new, the parents and neighbors didn't even know what to make of it. But they sure knew we were there. Those wheels made a hell of a racket, especially when they needed oil!
And we didn't have any helmets or knee pads, though we probably would have worn 'em if we had 'em. The only padding we had was our own skin and bones.
Yeah, like I tell my son, you can argue about when it was invented, and you can so it ain't so, but I was there the day they invented the skateboard, at least in my neighborhood.
The Physics of Skateboarding |
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 Your
first stop is Physics hyperlinks / Resources.
1) Newton's 1st law
You are going to use the above skateboarding hyperlinks
to learn and see skateboard
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"The basic elements of the skateboard seem
pretty straightforward. A board has three parts:
the board or deck, the wheels, and the trucks, which connect
the wheels to the board, and allow the board to turn.
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But how do
you get from this relatively simple mechanism to the perfectly balanced
vehicle, the tool for endless creativity on the ramps and streets? We talked
to two of the leaders in the design and production of skateboards, Tim
Piumarta of NHS Inc., and Fausto Vitello of the Ermico Foundry, manufacturers
of Independent Trucks, to find out about the mixture of industrial science and
"feel" that goes into a great board.
Tim Piumarta has been one of the most influential skateboard
gear designers over the past 20 years, as the R&D guru of NHS, creators of
Santa Cruz Skateboards, Road Rider Wheels, and much more. He described to us
the process of making a modern skateboard: veneers, pressed together
using polyvinyl glues in either aluminum, metal or concrete forms, generally
taking around 300 psi to take up multiple skateboards in one closing of a
press. Anywhere from 3-5 skateboards are done in one press, and after 30
minutes to an hour, the boards are removed from the press. At this point they
have been stuck and laminated in the compound curve or the shape, which is the
concave. Then after days of curing, the CNC routers, or hand routers depending
on the woodshop, will cut out the final shape, apply the edge trimming, paint
it and send it on its way."
Why maple wood?
Piumarta described the unique characteristics of wood. "With all the alternate
materials we've tried, from epoxy and fiberglass to carbon loaded
thermoplastic nylon, nothing has had the combination of toughness, elasticity,
feel and response of laminated sugar maple board."
 |
Piumarta was one of the first designers to
put concave curves into boards in the early 1980's, and developed the first
upturned nose. When skaters refer to "concave" they are talking about the way
that the board curves up at its edges, nose and tail. This curvature both
strengthens the board and gives the rider more control of the board.
"There's two shapes you talk about when you look at performance: of a skateboard: number one is the concave, the 3-dimensional curves that are in the board itself, nose, tail and side to side concave. Every manufacturer has their own style or philosophy. Mine is based on actual functionality; what your foot feels like when it's in the concave itself. To get there, I do a lot of prototyping in foam cutting, letting all of our pro and amateur riders have a say in what feels good and what works before we go and cut tooling to make skateboards. So our approach is based on a feel functionality first, and then secondly, when no one's looking, I slip in curves and bends engineered into this 3-d curve, the concave, that makes the board stiffer, stronger, and makes it last longer."
The other shape is called the
plan form. This is the shape of the board's outline; if you put a board flat
up against the wall and traced its outline, you would be drawing the plan
form. According to Piumarta, this shape is largely determined by the choices
of individual riders. "Now the other shape we're talking about is the plan
form, or the shape outline of the board of looking at a wall. Pro riders can
tell by looking and feeling with their hand, they can tell if a board is out
of shape by even fifty thousandths of an inch. They can feel it, they know
what they like, and what they don't like." And, as Piumarta says, all the
engineering in the world means nothing if it doesn't result in a good ride."
"The Physics of Skateboarding -
Concepts
Newton's Laws
- Law of Inertia - An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an
object in motion tends to stay in motion.
- F = ma - Acceleration of an object is dependent upon 2 variables;
the force on an object and the mass of the object.
- Opposite and Equal Reaction - For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
Motion
- Motion - variety of quantities used to describe the physical
world: distance, speed, velocity, acceleration, force, mass, momentum,
energy, work, power
- Work - force acting upon an object to cause displacement.
W=f*d*cos0 f=force, d=displacement, 0=theta, angle of the vector.
- Mechanical Energy - energy possessed by an object due to its
motion or its stored energy of position. Can be both potential and kinetic.
Measured in Joules.
- Potential Energy - stored energy of position. PS=m*g*h, m=mass,
g=gravitational constant (10m/s/s), h=height. Measured in Joules.
- Kinetic Energy - energy of motion. KE=1/2*m*v2(squared), m=mass,
v=speed
- Power - work divided by time, measured in Watts.
Forces
- Ollie - Gravity vs. lift, Drag (friction) vs. thrust, most easily
demonstrated in an Ollie
- Centripetal force - "Center Seeking", force required giving the
centripetal acceleration that moves a body along a curved path. It is
directed towards the center of a curve on a path. Only Centripetal is a
"real force"
- Centrifugal force - "To flee from the center", force felt by a
body moving along a curved path, tendency of an object to go in a straight
line.
- Moment of Inertia - Magnitude of each element of mass by the square of the distance from the axis. In that sense, the closer the mass to the center (or axis), the greater the moment of inertia, and the farther the mass from the center (or axis), the less the moment of inertia."
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FROM THE ENCYCLOPEDIA
Skateboarding
Skateboarding is the act of riding on or performing tricks with a skateboard. A person who skateboards is referred to as a skateboarder or skater.
A skateboard is a narrow wheeled platform used for the activity of skateboarding. It is thought that skateboards arose in the 1940s and 1950s, when children would participate in soapbox (car) races, using soap-boxes attached to wooden planks on rollerskate wheels . When the soap-box became detached from the plank, children would ride these primitive "skateboards". These were often used by surfers as a substitute when the waves were low.
The skateboard has evolved since the first mass produced models in the 1960s. Boards in the past were often made in the shape of a surfboard, with no concavity and constructed of solid wood or plastic. The wheels were usually made of a clay composite, or steel and the trucks (axles) were less sturdy and initially of a 'single-action' design compared to today's 'double-action'.
A longboard is a skateboard with a longer wheelbase, and typically larger and softer wheels. Longboard trucks are larger and often looser, allowing for easier turning, which gives longboards the nickname "sidewalk surfer".
Skateboarding—often portrayed in the media as an extreme sport—can be a form of art, a hobby, or a method of transportation. Skateboarding has been shaped and influenced by many skateboarders throughout the years. A 2002 report by American Sports Data found that there were 12.5 million skateboarders in the world. Eighty percent of skateboarders polled who had used a board in the last year were under the age of 18, and 74 percent were male.
Skateboarding is a relatively modern sport—it originated as "sidewalk surfing" in the United States—particularly California—in the 1950s. A key skateboarding trick, the ollie, was only developed in the late 1970s.[3]
The first skateboard
The first skateboard originated sometime in the 1950s and coincided with the initial popularization of surfing in California. The earliest skateboards were homemade and constructed of flat wooden planks attached to roller-skate trucks and wheels. Skateboarding was originally called "sidewalk surfing" and early skaters emulated surfing style and moves. Skateboards may or may not have evolved from "crate scooters." Crate scooters preceded skateboards, and were essentially similar except for having a wooden crate attached to the front, which formed rudimentary handlebars. In the film Back to the Future, Marty McFly is seen commandeering such a scooter from an unsuspecting '50s youth, and ripping the crate off to fashion an improvised skateboard.
In the mid 1960s, skateboarding went mainstream. A number of surfing manufacturers such as Hobie and Makaha started building skateboards that resembled small surfboards and assembling teams to promote their products. The popularity of skateboarding at this time spawned a national magazine, Skateboarder Magazine and the 1965 international championships were broadcast on national television. The growth of skateboarding at this time can also be seen in Makaha's sales figures which quoted $4 million worth of board sales between 1963 and 1965 (Weyland, 2002:28). Yet by 1966 sales had dropped significantly (ibid) and Skateboarder Magazine had stopped publication. Skateboarding's popularity dropped and remained low until the early 1970s.
Second generation
In the early 1970s, Frank Nasworthy started to develop a skateboard wheel made of polyurethane. The improvement in traction and performance was so immense that the popularity of skateboarding was starting to rise rapidly again, and companies wanted to invest more in product development. Many companies started to manufacture trucks (axles) especially designed for skateboarding. As the equipment became more maneuverable, the decks started to get wider, reaching widths of 10 inches and over in the end, thus giving the skateboarder even more control. Banana board is a term used to describe skateboards made of polypropylene that were skinny, flexible, with ribs on the underside for structural support and very popular during the mid-1970s. They were available in myriad colors, bright yellow probably being the most memorable, hence the name.
Manufacturers started to experiment with more exotic composites and metals, like fiberglass and aluminum, but the common skateboards were made of maple plywood. The skateboarders took advantage of the improved handling of their skateboards and started inventing new tricks. Skateboarders, most notably Ty Page, Bruce Logan, Bobby Piercy, Kevin Reed, and the Z-Boys, started to skate the vertical walls of swimming pools that were left empty in the 1976 California drought. This started the vert trend in skateboarding. With increased control, vert skaters could skate faster and perform more dangerous tricks, such as slash grinds and frontside/backside airs. This caused liability concerns and increased insurance costs to skatepark owners. During this era, the "freestyle" movement in skateboarding began, which can be characterized by the development of a wide assortment of flat-ground tricks.
Skateparks increasingly had to contend with high-liability costs that led to many parks closing, Vert skaters therefore started making their own ramps and freestylers didn't need skateparks. Thus by the beginning of the 1980s, skateboarding had died again.
Third generation
The third skateboard generation, from the early/mid eighties to early nineties, was fueled by skateboard companies that were run by skateboarders. The focus was initially on vert ramp skateboarding. The invention of the no-hands aerial (later known as the ollie) by Alan Gelfand in 1976 made it possible for skaters to perform airs off of vertical ramps. While this wave of skateboarding was sparked by commercialized vert ramp skating, a majority of people who skateboarded during this period never rode vert ramps. Because most people couldn't afford to build vert ramps or didn't have access to nearby ramps, street skating gained popularity. Freestyle skating remained healthy throughout this period with pioneers such as Rodney Mullen inventing the basics of modern street skating; the flatground ollie, the ollie kickflip, the heelflip, and the 360 flip, to name a few. The influence freestyle had on street skating became apparent during the mid-eighties, but street skating was still performed on wide vert boards with short noses, slide rails, and large soft wheels. Skateboarding, however, evolved quickly in the late 1980s to accommodate the street skater. Since few skateparks were available to skaters at this time, street skating pushed skaters to seek out shopping centers and public and private property as their "spot" to skate. Public opposition, and the threat of lawsuits, forced businesses and property owners to ban skateboarding on their property. By 1992, only a small fraction of skateboarders remained as a highly technical version of street skating, combined with the decline of vert skating, produced a sport that lacked the mainstream appeal to attract new skaters.
Current generation
The fourth and current generation of skateboards is dominated by street skating. Most boards are about 7¼ to 8 inches wide and 30 to 32 inches long. The wheels are made of an extremely hard polyurethane, durometer (approximately 99a). Additionally, very high durometers offer the benefit of reduced drag on hard surfaces which results in an overall faster ride. The wheel sizes are relatively small so that the boards are lighter, thus making tricks more manageable. Today, modern wheels are currently around 48 to 60 mm in diameter and advances in technology have made them extremely light compared to the wheels of the eighties. Most decks are still constructed out of Canadian Maple, with 7-plys being the industry standard for strength and durability. Board styles have changed dramatically since the 1970s but have remained mostly alike since the mid 1990s. The contemporary shape of the skateboard is derived from the freestyle boards of the 1980s with a largely symmetrical shape and relatively narrow width. During the 90s ramp or vert skateboarding dropped in popularity.
While street skateboarding remains popular, there is a resurgence of other types of skateboarding brewing. Longboarding, pool or bowl skating, slalom and ditch skateboarding are thriving all over the world, albeit below the radar.
Trick Skating
- See Skateboarding trick for detailed description of trick skating maneuvers
A skater perfoms a Kickflip
With the evolution of skateparks and ramp riding, the skateboard began to change. Early skate tricks consisted mainly of two-dimensional maneuvers (e.g. riding on only the front wheels (nose manual), spinning like an ice skater on the back wheels (a 360 pivot), high jumping over a bar (sometimes called a "Hippie Jump"), long jumping from one board to another (often over fearless teenagers lying on their backs), and slalom.
In 1976, skateboarding was transformed by the invention of the first modern skateboarding trick by Alan "Ollie" Gelfand. It remained largely a unique Florida trick from 1976 until the summer of 1978, when Gelfand made his first visit to California. Gelfand and his revolutionary manoeuver caught the attention of the West Coast skaters and the media where it began to spread worldwide. An ollie is performed by popping the tail of the skateboard, sliding the front foot towards the nose and lifting up the back foot to level the skateboard out. This results in the skateboarder, along with his or her skateboard, lifting into the air without the aid of foot straps or the skateboarder's hands.
The ollie was reinvented by Rodney Mullen in 1981, who adapted it to freestyle skating by ollieing on flat ground rather than out of a vert ramp. Mullen also invented the ollie kickflip, which, at the time of its invention, was dubbed the "magic flip." The flat ground ollie allowed skateboarders to perform tricks in mid-air without any more equipment than the skateboard itself. The development of these complex tricks by Rodney Mullen and others transformed skateboarding. Skateboarders began performing their tricks down stair sets and on other urban obstacles - they were no longer confined to empty pools and expensive wooden ramps.
The act of "ollieing" onto an obstacle and sliding along it on the trucks of the board is known as grinding, and has become a mainstay of modern skateboarding. Types of grinds include the 50-50 grind (balancing on the front and back trucks while grinding a rail), the 5-0 grind (balancing on only the back truck while grinding a rail) the nose grind (balancing on only the front truck while grinding a rail), and the crooked grind (balancing on the front truck at an angle while grinding). There are various other grinds that involve touching both the trucks and the deck to the rail, ledge, or lip. The most common of these is the smith grind, in which the rider balances over the back truck while touching the outer middle of the board to the grinding surface in the direction from which he or she ollied. Popping and landing on the back truck and touching the inner edge of the board, i.e. popping "over", is known as a feeble grind. Boardslides, lipslides, noseslides, and tailslides are other variations of grinding that are characterized by sliding on an obstacle while balancing on the (usually wooden) deck of the skateboard, rather than on the trucks.
Culture
- See also: Skate punk
Skateboarding was, at first, tied to the culture of surfing. As skateboarding spread across the United States to places unfamiliar with surfing or surfing culture, it developed an image of its own. For example, the classic film short Video Days (1991)[5] portrayed skateboarders as reckless rebels.
The image of the skateboarder as a rebellious, non-conforming youth has faded in recent years. The rift between the old image of skateboarding and a newer one is quite visible: magazines such as Thrasher portray skateboarding as dirty, rebellious, and still firmly tied to punk, while other publications, Transworld Skateboarding as an example, paint a more modern, diverse, and controlled picture of skateboarding stars. Furthermore, as more professional skaters use hip hop music accompaniment in their videos, many urban youths and hip-hop fans are drawn to skateboarding, further diluting the sport's punk image.[6]
Films such as Dishdogz (2005)[7] have helped improve the reputation of skateboarding youth, depicting individuals of this subculture as having a positive outlook on life, prone to poking harmless fun at each other, and engaging in healthy sportsman's competition. According to the film, lack of respect, egotism and hostility towards fellow skateboarders is generally frowned upon, albeit each of the characters (and as such, proxies of the "stereotypical" skateboarder) have a firm disrespect for authority and for rules in general. Group spirit is supposed to heavily influence the members of this community. In presentations of this sort, showcasing of criminal tendencies is absent, and no attempt is made to tie extreme sports to any kind of illegal activity.
Female skateboarders
Skateboarding has long been a male-dominated sport; a survey in 2002 estimated that only 26 percent of skateboarders are female.[8]
In the early years of the sport, few female skaters gained widespread visibility; Peggy Oki, Ellen O'Neal, and Ellen Berryman were a few who acheived fame in the 1970s. The skateboarding boom in the 1990s, coupled with an overall advancement in womens' sports, produced more female skaters than in previous decades. Skaters such as Elissa Steamer and Cara-Beth Burnside elevated women's skateboarding to a new level. This trend continued into the new millenium with Amy Caron, Vanessa Torres, and Lyn-z Adams Hawkins. Presently, skateboarding competitions for women can be seen at all major skateboarding events, such as the X-games, the Gravity Games, and the Slam City Jam.
There are many female-only skate companies, sessions, and camps to help advance the female skateboarding movement. An alliance of professional female skaters has also been established.[9] There have been two major skate films focusing on female skaters - Getting Nowhere Faster and AKA: Girl Skater.[10][11]
Skate shops
As skateboarding has become increasingly popular, so has the market for skater merchandise. In the early days, local surf shops with limited variety were the only place to find skateboards. Later, skateboard shops started to appear on the West Coast of the USA, and soon the trend spread to the East Coast. At present, there are many skate shops across the country, especially along coastal areas such as California.
Skate shops carry a variety of accessories such as clothes, skateboarding tools, skateboard videos, stickers, and shoes.
Miscellaneous
A member of Charlie Company 1st Battalion 5th Marines carries a skateboard during military exercise Urban Warrior '99
Skateboard ban in Norway
The only country ever to ban skateboards was Norway, in the period between 1978 and 1989. The use, ownership and sale of skateboards were forbidden. The ban was said to be due to the perceived high amount of injuries caused by boards. The ban led skateboarders to construct ramps in the forest and other secluded areas to avoid the police.
Military experimentation in the United States
It has been publicly reported that the United States Marine Corps tested the usefulness of commercial off-the-shelf skateboards during urban combat military exercises in the late 1990s. Their special purpose has been described as "for maneuvering inside buildings in order to detect tripwires and sniper fire"[13] [14].
Novice and amateur skate teams
Many novice and amateur skateboarding teams have emerged in the last ten years consisting of groups of talented skateboarders. These are most popular in the USA, where skateboarding started.
Further reading and information
- Borden, Iain. (2001). Skateboarding, Space and the City: Architecture and the Body. Oxford: Berg.
- Hocking, Justin, Jeffrey Knutson and Jared Maher (Eds.). (2004). Life and Limb: Skateboarders Write from the Deep End. New York: Soft Skull Press.
- Weyland, Jocko. (2002). The Answer is Never: a History and Memoir of Skateboarding. New York: Grove Press.
- Hawk, Tony and Mortimer, Sean. (2000). Hawk: Occupation: Skateboarder. New York: HarperCollins.
- Thrasher Magazine. (2001). Thrasher: Insane Terrain. New York: Universe.
- Brooke, Michael (1999) The Concrete Wave - the History of Skateboarding. Warwick Publishing
- Mullen, Rodney and Mortimer, Sean (2003). The Mutt
- Skateboard Kings, a 1978 documentary on skateboarding
RESEARCHED MATERIAL
- Hard flip
- A heelflip or kickflip varial the 'hard way.' Hard heelflip (also inside heelflip): b/s varial heelflip. Hard kickflip: f/s varial kickflip.
- Heelflip
- Ollie, front foot goes to the toe side of the board, flicking the board with the ball of the foot, flips. land.
- Kickflip
- Kickflip Ollie, Ollie kickflip, Ollie flip. Ollie, front foot goes to the heel side of the board, flicking the board with your toes, board flips, land.
- Nollie kickflip
- Ollie off the nose (nollie), kick the board with toes toward the heel side of the board with back foot.
- 360 flip
- A 360 degree b/s varial kickflip.
- Varial
- Rotation of board or body.
- Types of grinds:
- Crooked: nosegrind with nose sliding at the same time. Also: K
- B/s feeble: back truck grinding, b/s, toe-side rail grinding (sliding?) edge (front truck is over the deck). Also: grapefruit.
- 50-50: both trucks grinding.
- 5-O: just back truck grinding.
- Nosegrind: just front truck grinding.
- F/s Smith: back truck grinding, front body facing edge, with toe-side rail grinding edge also.
- B/s Smith: back truck grinding, front body facing away from edge (back to the edge), with heel-side rail grinding edge.
- (all tricks can be done b/s, f/s, fakie, etc. Explanations are for clarity and visualising)
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T. Z. RIEPE
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